CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Damen in his Culture Learning defined Culture as the shared patterns of behavior and interactions and affective understanding learned through the process of socialization (Damen, 1987). Psychology is simply a field of study that concerns itself with behavior. Cross cultural psychology is therefore the scientific study of human behavior and mental behavior and process, including both variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions, (Ho, Wu, 2001). It is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between culture and human behavior (Matsumoto, 2000). This type of psychology delves in investigative studies to recognize cultural variation in behavior and such other variables as language and meanings. According to Walter J Loner while writing in the Journal: Eye on Psi Chi Cross, Cultural psychology is not an independent field within the entire sphere of psychology that revolves around in-depth examination of emotions, language acquisition, personality, social behavior, family and social relationship Eye on Psi SChi 4(3). 22-26.Cross cultural psychology not only encompasses studies in both the similarities and the differences in psychological functioning in various cultural and ethnic set ups but also the relationships between such key variables as psychological, socio-cultural, ecological and biological. It considers culture as necessary for functioning, development and behavior in a cultural context. Diverse forms of comparative research are the major actions/exercises in understanding cross cultural psychology focused at making any distinctions in cultural factors directly related to development and behavior. According to Berry et al 1997, these researches seek evidence of how culture can be taken as a set of variables, contextual or independent that affects various aspects of individual behavior. Cross cultural psychology need not to be confused with cultural. Though related to some extent, some distinctions separate the two. The relationship between cultural and cross-cultural psychology like any other comparative studies, the relationship between cultural and cross-cultural psychology entail differences and similarities. These comparisons are discussed below. Differences While cross cultural psychology studies strive to determine any possible shared behavior and mental processes in cultures, cultural psychology is a field within psychology that hold the view that human behavior is dependent on individuals unique culture. Differences in interpretation of culture account for the differences between cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology. They differ in two ways, although they sometimes overlap and are taken as synonymous by some psychologists (Lonner, 2000). Cultural psychology focuses on various ethnic groups such as African-Americans. Cross-cultural psychology, in contrast, emphasizes differences between two or more cultures. Besides, cultural or ethnic psychology rooted in the United States has a briefer history than cross cultural psychology does. Similarities Despite the afore-mentioned evident differences in cultural psychology and cross culture, the two cannot be divorced from each other since they both share certain commonalities. Both studies are rooted from cultural studies of psychology which as discussed earlier, entail behavioral and mental analysis in context of varied cultural environment. While cultural psychology seeks to explore certain behavioral characteristics within a specific culture, cross cultural psychology compare these characteristic from one culture to another. These both studies focus on similar elements of culture. Also both studies employ similar techniques: quantitative and qualitative. For this reason most often the research approaches are almost similar. The role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology According to Shiraew Levy, critical thinking in cross cultural psychology is the most vital and indispensable component of learning. To describe a phenomena in a cultural contexts, social phenomena such as a peoples language reflects their personal values, biases, likes, prejudices etc. This results in their language coded in such a way that the language will reveals much about the cultures events, individuals or whatever group they are trying to describe (Shiraew Levy 2010). Through intuition, people automatically compare their own mental representation to identify or judge a given phenomena, i.e. they set their cultural values and believe systems as the standards to judge a given phenomena. This biased perspective results in lack of objectivity in assessing behavior and specific phenomena in other cultures. Psychologists claim that all cultures suffer from this problem. This explains intercultural conflicts in the society. Critical thinking in cross cultural psychology is not only a subject of study in examining cultures, but also a tool in analyzing and evaluating the way people think critically and behave in a given culture. The methodology associated with cross-cultural research Being a behavioral study, cross cultural psychology lacks a clear and scientific research technique which poses the study with a serious problem (Escotet, March 25-27 1973). While scientific approaches depict modern trends, the evaluation of cultures has become complicated and highly subjective. Matsumoto Vijver, (2010) argue that regardless of the method of measurement and approach, one of the basic issues researchers may become aware of is the relationship among cultural distance and the probability of generating differences Depending on the nature of the study, contextual factors such as education, age or socio-economic status of the participants affects the validity research approach and findings. Including such factors in a study will not only enhance the validity, but also help in eliminating any biases. Matsumoto Vijver (2010). Shiraev Levy advises purport there are two major divisions of research in these fields: qualitative and quantitative. While qualitative approaches uses median, mode, variance and standard deviation etc to describe human behavior, qualitative technique uses unobservable human behavior such as dreams. Shiraew Levy (2010). Conclusion In conclusion, to understand the heart of human behavior and cognitions across cultures, cross cultural psychology is perfect tool of evaluation. Differentiating cross cultural psychology from cultural is the stepping stone to evaluating cultures. While cultural psychology seeks to find out how culture causes variation in psychology, cross cultural seeks to justify or explain objective description and subjective evaluations of cultures.

Brighton Rock and Sherlock Holmes: A Comparison Essay

In this assignment I will be looking at the differences in writing style between Graham Greene’s Brighton Rock and Arthur Conan-Doyle’s The Man With The Twisted Lip. The style of writing is the main difference that I see between the stories of Greene and Conan Doyle, and not in the plot; partly this is due to the half a century or so time difference between the pieces, Conan Doyle’s, I guess in around 1890 (due to the date given at the start of The Man With The Twisted Lip, â€Å"it was in June ’89†) and Greene’s written in 1938, although partly it is due to the different intentions of the authors. The works of Conan Doyle were mainly popular, short stories written for a Victorian middle-class monthly periodical, â€Å"The Strand† written between 1887 and 1927, although most were written by 1903. Because of this, the structures on all levels, from plot to sentence, are simple, chronological and in the first person. Examples of this are â€Å"Isa Whitney, brother of the late Elias Whitney, D. D. , Principal of the Theological College of St. George’s, was much addicted to opium. † This is a simple statement to open the story with. It introduces a character, actually two, gives a little background information and tells us the point of the sentence, and the story (or so the reader thinks) at the end of the sentence in â€Å"was much addicted to opium†. The plot generally gives no depth to the characters and is a one-track plot due to the story being written in the first person and following the activities of one man. All of this is in striking contrast to Brighton Rock. In the first part of the novel there are three chapters. Greene’s work is not in the first person but the third. This enables Greene to follow a multi-track plot, taking in the actions of three characters; chapter one begins with ‘Hale knew, before he had been in Brighton three hours, that they meant to murder him. ‘ This shows Hale as the focus of the first chapter. Chapter two begins with, ‘The boy paid his threepence and went through the turnstile. ‘ Focussing attention on to ‘the boy’ or Pinkie. And chapter three begins with, ‘Ida Arnold broke her way across the Strand’. Furthermore, where Conan Doyle is very sparing on his description, Greene lavishes in it: ‘trams rocking down to the aquarium, they surged like some natural and irrational migration of insects up and down the front. ‘ Whereas Conan Doyle, writing as Dr. Watson, keeps it to the respectability of the place and its genteelness, much more important to a middle class Victorian than a clever simile, for example, ‘Upper Swandam Lane is a vile alley†¦ ‘ the effect of this is to give the reader an impression of what the alley looks like in their minds, instead of the precise detail Greene employs, it is often cinematic. He did not have to produce a script for the film version, as Brighton Rock reads more like one. One would not expect to find an author looking to join the ranks of world literature simply writing ‘potboiler’ short stories for bourgeoisie light entertainment magazines. In contrast, Brighton Rock is much more complex. It is classed as a modern classic, and therefore does not follow the simple lines of popular, mass produced fiction. Instead, its chapters are presented as from each of the character’s points of view making the plot non-chronological, as some events happen simultaneously but at different pages of the book. For example, the death of Hale and Ida searching for him occur at the same time but at different stages of the book. This adds a more complex level to the narrative. Brighton Rock is written nominally in the third person, as it still only follows each character’s movements in turn but the Sherlock Holmes stories are always in the first person, as Dr. Watson, which gives the reader a definite sense of place in the story but has its limitations. For example, all events must take place while Dr. Watson is present, or they must be recounted to him by another character. In contrast, Greene can make the reader everywhere at once and it allows him to use the cinematic detail in his description that gives his locations the depth and quality that Conan Doyle’s does not due to his use of the first person. This is because if Conan Doyle were to use such complex description and metaphor in his description as Dr. Watson or in the speech of another character, it would make them sound like they had verbal diarrhoea. Greene’s talent, I feel, lies in his ability to use such gushing torrents of description and manage not to bore or alienate his reader, rather he involves them further in the scene. Conan Doyle, as I have said, achieves this in a different way, not through lengthening his description but by the simple act of using the first person to write his stories: he makes the reader Dr. Watson. Another dimension to the description in Brighton Rock is that Greene is biased against more or less everything. The squalor of the Steyne in, ‘The shabby secret behind the bright corsage, the deformed breast. ‘ Words such as ‘shabby’ and ‘deformed’ give the impression to the reader of poverty and mutation, the two going hand in hand. These are things, especially mutation, which society abhors. By using these adjectives, Greene tries to make the reader hate the place as well. Also, in that passage, ‘deformed breast’ is an interesting contrast of words. The breast is usually regarded as being an artistic, beautiful and motherly object of adoration, but by making it deformed, in the reader’s eye Greene is defiling a beautiful object, making the impact greater. In The Man With the Twisted Lip Conan Doyle, by contrast, uses only simple atmospheric description and practical description (the naming of routes street by street, obviously made using a map of London, an unusual feature). An example of this simple description is found at ‘I seated myself in his armchair and warmed my hands before his crackling fire, for a sharp frost had set in, and the windows were thick with ice crystals. ‘ In this quotation two things are explored: the fire and the window. The description is atmospheric because it uses the contrasting words ‘frost’ and ‘warmed’, one being cold, the other hot. The effect on the reader is that they immediately imagine the atmosphere of warmness inside but bitterly cold outside that we all know. The simple description has therefore set up an atmosphere; it is atmospheric. In The Man With The Twisted Lip Conan Doyle does use one unusual device to add depth to his writing: a ruse in the plot at the very beginning to throw the reader off what the true plot is. That ruse is the disappearance of Isa Whitney. Conan Doyle does this to open the story in a mundane way, but surprise the reader with the eventual outcome: the disappearance of Neville St. Clair. Or perhaps Conan Doyle just got sick of the Whitney plot half way through writing. Who knows!? Other than this Conan Doyle sticks to the usual crime story plot: the missing/dead person or thing, the impossible clue, the amazing detective and the twist in the solving of it all. Greene does the same in his plot structure, although with much more focus on the characters in turn, especially on mentality of the criminal Pinkie. Greene tries almost to explain why Pinkie is so evil with the recounting of his scarred childhood (the ‘weekly exercise’), resulting in his misogyny (? ), Catholic godfearing and sadism. Also, Ida Arnold is the ‘detective’ in Brighton Rock, although she is not intelligent or brilliant, just a whore sentimental to Hale’s memory as Greene portrays her. In fact, Greene grudgingly makes Ida the heroine and the force of good, even though the traditional good of Godliness is the real enemy in the book. Ida is a weird choice for a heroine. She personifies every human sin. She is a puritan’s nightmare, as shown in, ‘Death shocked her, life was more important. She wasn’t religious. She didn’t believe in heaven and hell, only in ghosts†¦ ‘ and her ultimate anti-religious statement, ‘to her death was the end of everything. At one with the One – it didn’t mean a thing besides a glass of Guinness on a sunny day. ‘ In all, Greene’s story is one of ‘good’ as the here and now, however demonic and hedonistic, triumphing over evil the eternal whereas Conan Doyle has no such moral depth to his story, just an impossible clue. Brighton Rock is unusual in this way. Greene is writing a crime story, usually the realm of light entertainment (popular fiction) but here, he transforms the whole novel with the psychoanalysis of Pinkie and the subtext of religion, damnation and salvation. Greene sums this up in the phrase that Pinkie comforts himself with, ‘between the stirrup and the ground he mercy sought and mercy found’. Through this quotation Greene explores the hypocrisy of religion and the way the all-forgiving belief enables people to sin and expect God to forgive. The psychosis of Pinkie is explored hand in hand with his love/hate relationship with the idea of Christianity, best shown in Pinkie’s treatment of the doll; ‘holding the Mother of God by the hair’ and ‘His fingers pulled absent mindedly at the doll’s hair’. The simile of the Mother of God being held by the hair reveals Pinkie as the ultimate misogynist; the one woman, as a Catholic and a Christian, he should revere he is holding by the hair.

Hyperkalemia or High Potassium

Hyperkalemia breaks down to mean  hyper-  high;  kalium, potassium;  -emia, in the blood or high potassium in the blood. Potassium in the bloodstream is the K ion, not potassium metal, so this illness is one type of electrolyte imbalance. The normal concentration of the potassium ion in blood is 3.5 to 5.3 mmol or milliequivalents  per  liter  (mEq/L). Concentrations of 5.5 mmol and higher describe hyperkalemia. The opposite condition, low blood potassium levels, is termed hypokalemia. Mild hyperkalemia typically isnt identified except through a blood test, but extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency that can result in death, usually from heart arrhythmia. Hyperkalemia Symptoms The symptoms of elevated potassium are not specific to the condition. Mainly the effects are on the circulatory and nervous system. They include: weaknessmalaiseheart palpitationshyperventilation Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia results when too much potassium is taken into the body, when cells massively release potassium into the bloodstream, or when the kidneys cant properly excrete potassium. There are numerous causes of hyperkalemia, including: kidney diseasediabetes (leading to nephropathy)medications that affect urination (NSAIDS, diuretics, antibiotics, etc.)diseases associated with a mineralocorticoid deficiencymassive blood transfusionany major tissue damage, whether it be from injury (burns, serious wounds) or medical treatment (notably chemotherapy)excessive dietary intake of potassium-rich foods (e.g., salt substitute, bananas)intentional hyperkalemia as the last step of lethal injection, to disrupt and stop the heart Not that its highly unusual for a person with ordinary kidney function to overdose on potassium from foods. Excess potassium resolves itself if the kidneys are able to process an overload. If the kidneys are damaged, hyperkalemia becomes an ongoing concern. Preventing Hyperkalemia In some cases, its possible to prevent potassium buildup by limiting dietary intake of potassium-rich foods, taking diuretics, or ending a medication that causes a problem. Hyperkalemia Treatment Treatment depends on the cause and severity of hyperkalemia. In a medical emergency, the goal is to shift the potassium ion from the bloodstream into cells. Injecting insulin or salbutamol temporarily lowers serum potassium levels.

A Report On Nigerian Training Framework - 1422 Words

Presentation Training is said to be act or procedure of bestowing or securing general learning, building up the forces of thinking and judgment, and by and large of setting oneself up or others mentally for experienced life. The Ministry of Education is responsible for instruction in Nigeria. The instruction framework in Nigeria is separated into Kindergarten, essential training, auxiliary training and tertiary training. Foundation Problem The present example of Nigeria training framework, especially the tertiary association has been an issue of sensitivity toward the administration, accomplices, educationists, managers (home and abroad), graduates and diverse foundations. This paper looked present example of tertiary training similarly as instructive modules, educators, understudies, subsidizing, offices, mechanical coordinated efforts and also indicating systems with the point of view of proposing the way ahead. Writing Review Nigeria is as often as possible implied as the Mammoth of Africa, inferable from its inconceivable people and economy. With around 184 million occupants, Nigeria is the most jammed country in Africa and the seventh most swarmed country on the planet. Nigeria has one of the greatest masses of youth on the planet. Starting 2015, Nigeria was named the world s twentieth greatest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion to the extent apparent GDP and purchasing power balance exclusively. It surpassed South Africa to twist upShow MoreRelatedTraining and Development Activities1768 Words   |  7 PagesTraining Development investments Training and development activities are becoming more associated with the core business objectives and have accepted new methods and technologies increasing the overall value of the training programs. 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The main aim of this framework is to give a clear understanding of what a health systemRead MoreTraining and Development: Nigerian Banking Industry8775 Words   |  35 PagesTraining And Development: Nigerian Banking Industry Contents List of Figures 4 Abstract 5 Chapter 1- Introduction 6 Research Objectives 6 Structure of the work 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 8 Theories of Training and Development 8 Definition of Training and Development 10 Usage of Training in Different Organizations And Different Sectors 10 Frameworks and Models for Training 11 Training Need Analysis 12 Training Design Model 13 Training Implementation 14 EvaluationRead MoreRole of Human Capital in Economic Development: an Empirical Study of Nigerian Case6636 Words   |  27 PagesHUMAN CAPITAL IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF NIGERIAN CASE By Risikat Oladoyin S. Dauda, Ph.D Department of Economics University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos E-mail: rissydauda@yahoo.com rdauda@unilag.edu.ng ABSTRACT Although several theories of endogenous growth point towards a positive effect of human capital on growth, empirical evidence on this issue has been mixed. Despite various efforts of the successive Nigerian governments, virtually all indices of human development especiallyRead MoreWhy Do We Need The Oil Producing Community? Does This Look Like Saudi Arabia? Essay7139 Words   |  29 Pagesconcept of CSR and its growing importance in Nigeria. This chapter reviews the evolution and growth of the CSR concept under international law and the key institutions that have directed this growth. The second chapter scrutinises the current Nigerian legal framework for the regulation of MNCs with a view to highlighting the weaknesses in the local setting using the Niger Delta as case study. Since the emergence of the CSR concept in Nigeria, it has been adopted mainly as an optional and non-obligatoryRead MoreOil and Gas Production Industry2578 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Nigeria 1.1 Background of Country†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1.2 Economic Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1.3 Global Competitiveness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Porter’s Diamond Framework 2.1 Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2.2 Demand Conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2.3 Factor (Input) Conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 2.4 Related and Supporting Industries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBusiness4225 Words   |  17 PagesThe African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network MANAGING BULLYING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: SOME COUNSELLING INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Oyaziwo Aluede Ambrose Alli University Abstract Bullying problem has remained pervasive and a going concern for all stakeholders of education who desire to make school climate a safe haven. This paper is moved by this desire, by bringing into context the meaning of bullying and prevalence of bullying around

A Short Note On The Treaty Of Versailles - 1560 Words

Treaty of Versailles Essay During the years of 1914 to 1918, the first World War was fought resulting in a very destructive war. The war suffered approximately 10 million casualties and the ‘Western Front’ was totally destroyed. This also left many areas in Europe being destroyed too. On November 11th, 1918, Germany signed a cease-fire called ‘the Armistice’, and surrendered. In January, delegates from several countries met in Paris, France to discuss a peace treaty in hopes of ending the war. There were three important leaders, each with different ideas: Woodrow Wilson, George Clemenceau and David Lloyd George. The Germans were not extended an invitation to the meeting, but were forced to sign the treaty, no matter what the conditions were. The document became known as the Treaty of Versailles, which later was not implemented successfully. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in June 1919 and was the peace settlement that was supposed to end World War I. The failure of the Treaty of Versailles caused economic downfall and German expansion, which all contributed to the start of World War II. Another downfall of the treaty, further lead to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the fascist party. Many feared the start of a second World War. Contributions from President Wilson’s Fourteen Points, United States’ policies and international effort, were made to prevent World War II. While the war was still taking place, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United states, proposed a planShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Treaty Of Versailles Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesTHE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Name Course Date of Submission As World War I approached its close, the Treaty of Versailles was among the peace treaties signed. It marked the end of warfare between the Allied Powers and Germany. The signing of the agreement occurred in 1919. The main reason behind the signing of the accord was to reprimand Germany for its part in the damage that happened in WWI. 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The Versailles Settlement was more significant in shaping the history of the Weimar Republic overall, however other prevailing conditions worsened the effects of the Versailles Settlement to a lesser extent. From 1919 to 1921, the Versailles Settlement was less significant, as the instability of the German people was able to be stopped. From 1921 to 1923, the Versailles Settlement was moreRead MoreWeimar Republic - Political, Social and Economic Issues1688 Words   |  7 Pagesyears of economic growth and rising incomes. Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germanys defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. 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This was a short period in which, due to the popping up of communist ideals in European countries, Americans feared and defended against the infiltration of communism into the United States, seeking to maintain democracy. The combination of these beliefs and eventsRead MoreThe Changing Attitude of Germans Towards The Nazi Party Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Weimar Republic was formed on unstable ground, born out of Germany’s defeat in the First World War. The Republic suffered its first major blow when Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which caused major economic problems for the relatively young country. From 1924 to 28, the Nazi party had little support from the German public. This lack of support was due to the success of Stresemann’s policies and the country wa s now stable and flourishing, after the events in the Ruhr and

Night World Dark Angel Chapter 15 Free Essays

Melusine was watching her. â€Å"You’re strong. I think you can do it, daughter of Hellewise. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"I’m not strong. I’m scared.† â€Å"I think it may be possible to be both,† Melusine said wryly. â€Å"But, Gillian? If you do get through it, please come back. I want to talk to you about some things. About the Night World-and about something called Circle Daybreak.† The way she said it alarmed Gillian. â€Å"Is it important?† â€Å"It could be very important to you, a witch with human ancestors and surrounded by humans.† â€Å"Okay. I’ll come back-if.† Gillian glanced once around the shop. Maybe there was some sort of talisman or something she should take†¦ But she knew she was just stalling. If there were anything helpful, Melusine would have already given it to her. There was nothing left to do now but go. â€Å"Good luck,† Melusine said, and Gillian marched to the door. Not that she had any particular idea where she was going. She was almost at the creaky front door of the Five and Ten when she heard Melusine calling. â€Å"I forgot to mention one thing. Whoever your ‘Angel’ was, he was probably from this general area. Earthbound spirits usually hang around the place they died. Although that’s probably not much help.† Gillian stood still, blinking. â€Å"No †¦ no, it w helpful. It’s great. It’s given me an idea.† She turned and went through the door without really seeing it, stepped out into the square without really hearing the piped-in Christmas music. At least I’ve got a place to go now, she thought. She drove south, back toward Somerset, then took a winding road eastward into the hills. As she rounded a gentle curve she saw the cemetery spread out beneath her. It was a very old graveyard, but still popular. Steeped in tradition, but with plenty of room. Grandpa Trevor was buried in the newer section, but there were ancient tombstones on the wooded hill. If she had a chance of finding Angel, it might be here. The only way to the older section was up a wooden staircase held in place by railway ties. Gillian climbed it cautiously, holding the handrail. Then she stood at the top and looked around, trying not to shiver. She was among tall sycamores and oaks which seemed to stretch black bony fingers in every direction. The sun was falling lower in the sky and long shadows tinged with lavender were reaching out from the trees. Gillian braced herself. And then, as loudly as she could, she yelled. â€Å"Come on, you! You know what I want!† Silence. Gillian refused to feel foolish. Gloved hands tucked under her arms, she shouted into the stillness. â€Å"I know you can hear me! I know you’re out there! The question is, are you in here?† She kicked a foot toward a snow-covered sandstone marker. Because of course there was nothing she could do here on her own. The only way to get the information she needed, about who Angel had been in his earthly life and what he’d done or left undone, was from Angel himself. Nobody else could tell her. â€Å"Is this you?† Gillian scraped snow from a granite gravestone and read the words. † ‘Thomas Ewing, 1775, Who bled and Dyed for Liberty.’ Were you Thomas Ewing?† The ice-coated twigs of the tree above her clashed together in the rising wind. It made a sound like a crystal chandelier. â€Å"No, he sounds too brave. And you’re obviously just a coward.† She scraped some other stones. â€Å"Hey, maybe you were William Case. ‘Cut down in the flower of Youth by falling from the Stagecoach.’ That sounds more like you. Were you William Case?† (Are you all finished singing?) Gillian froze. (Because I’ve got one for you.) The voice in her head began to sing raucously. Eerily. (The Pha-a-antom of the Opera is here, inside your mind†¦) â€Å"Oh, come on, Angel. You can do better than that. And why aren’t you letting me see you? Too scared to meet me face to face?† A light shimmered over the snow-a beautiful pale golden light that rippled like silk. It grew, it took on a shape. And then Angel was standing there. Not floating. His feet actually seemed to touch the snow. He looked-terrific. Haunting and beautiful in the gathering twilight. But his beauty was only frightening now. Gillian knew what was underneath it. â€Å"Hi there,† she almost whispered. â€Å"I guess you know what I’m here to talk about.† â€Å"Don’t know and don’t care. Should you be out here alone, anyway? Does anybody know where you are?† Gillian positioned herself in front of him. She looked directly into eyes that were as violet and darkly luminous as the sky. â€Å"I know what you are,† she said, holding those eyes, giving every word equal weight. â€Å"Not an angel. Not a devil. You’re just a person. Just like me.† â€Å"Wrong.† â€Å"You’ve got the same feelings as any other person. And you can’t be happy being where you are. Nobody could. You can’t want to be stuck there. If I were dead, I’d hate it.† The last words came out with a force that surprised even Gillian. Angel looked away. An advantage. Gillian leapt in. â€Å"Hate it,† she repeated. â€Å"Just hanging around, getting stagnant, watching other people living their lives. Being nothing, doing nothing-unless it’s to make a little trouble for people on earth. What kind of a life is tha-† She broke off, realizing her mistake. He was grinning maliciously, recovering. â€Å"No life!† â€Å"All right, what kind of existence, then,† Gillian said coldly. â€Å"You know what I mean. It stinks. Angel. It’s putrid. It’s disgusting.† A spasm crossed Angel’s face. He whirled away from her. And for the first time since Gillian had seen him, she saw agitation in him. He was actually pacing, moving like a caged animal. And his hair-it seemed to be ruffled by some unseen wind. Gillian pressed her advantage. â€Å"It’s about as good as being under there.† She kicked at the dead weeds over a grave. He whirled back, and his eyes were unnaturally bright. â€Å"But I am under there, Gillian.† For a moment, her skin prickled so that she couldn’t speak. She had to force herself to say steadily, â€Å"Under that one?† â€Å"No. But I’ll show you where. Would you like that?† He made a grand gesture, inviting her down the stairs. Gillian hesitated, then went, knowing he was behind her. Her heart was pumping wildly. This was almost like a physical contest between them-a contest to see who could upset the other more. But she had to do it. She had to make a connection with him. To reach into his anger and frustration and despair and somehow drag answers out of it. And it was a contest. A contest of wills. Who could shout louder, who could be more merciless. Who could hold on. The prize was Angel’s soul. She nearly tripped at the bottom of the stairs. It was too dark to see her footing. She noticed, almost absently, that it was getting very cold. Something like an icy wind went past her-and there was light in front of her. Angel was walking there, not leaving any footprints in the snow. Gillian staggered after him. They were heading for the newer section of the cemetery. Past it. Into the very new section. â€Å"Here.† Angel said. He turned. His eyes were glittering. He was standing behind a gravestone and his own light illuminated it. Chills washed over Gillian. This was what she had asked for, it was exactly what she had asked for. But it still made the hair on her neck stand on end. He was under here. Right here. Beneath the ground. The body of the person she’d loved and trusted†¦ whose voice had been the last thing she’d heard at night and the first thing each morning. He was under here in some kind of box, unless maybe that had rotted. And he wasn’t smiling and golden-haired and handsome. And she was going to find out his name from a stone. â€Å"I’m here, Gillian,† Angel said ghoulishly, leaning over the granite marker, resting his elbows on it. â€Å"Come up and say hello.† He was smiling, but his eyes looked as if he hated her. Wild and reckless and bitter. Capable of anything. And somehow, the sick horror that had been sweeping through Gillian disappeared. Her eyes were full, spilling over. The tears froze on her cheeks. She brushed at them absently and knelt beside the grave, not on it. She didn’t look at Angel. She put her hands together for just a moment and bent her head. It was a wordless prayer to whatever Power might be out there. Then she took off her glove and gently scraped snow away from the marker with her bare hand. It was a simple granite headstone with a scrolled top. It read â€Å"In loving memory. Our son. Gary Fargeon.† â€Å"Gary Fargeon,† Gillian said softly. She looked up at the figure leaning over the stone. â€Å"Gary.† He gave a mocking laugh, but it sounded forced. â€Å"Nice to meet you. I was from Sterback; we were practically neighbors.† Gillian looked back down. The date of birth was eighteen years ago. And the date of death was the previous year. â€Å"You died last year. And you were only seventeen.† â€Å"I had a little car crash,† he said. â€Å"I was extremely drunk.† He laughed again, wildly. Gillian sat back on her heels. â€Å"Oh, really. Well, that was brilliant,† she whispered. â€Å"What’s life?† He bared his teeth. † ‘Out, out, brief candle’-or something like that.† Gillian refused to be distracted. â€Å"Is that what you did?† she asked quietly. â€Å"Got yourself killed? Is that unfinished business somehow?† â€Å"Wouldn’t you like to know?† he said. Okay, retreat. He wasn’t ready yet. Maybe try some feminine wiles. â€Å"I just thought you trusted me-Angel. I thought we were supposed to be soulmates †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But by now you know we aren’t, don’t you? Because you found your real love-that jerk.† Gary turned up the brilliance of his smile. â€Å"But even if we’re not soulmates, we are connected, you know. We’re cousins. Distant, but the bond is there.† Gillian’s hands fell to her sides. She stared up at him. Lights were going on in her brain, but she wasn’t quite sure what they illuminated yet. The strangest thing was that she wasn’t entirely surprised. â€Å"Didn’t you ever wonder why we both have the same color eyes?† He stared down at her. Although everything was dark around him, his eyes were like violet flame. â€Å"I mean it isn’t exactly common. Your great-grandmother Elspeth had these eyes. So did her twin brother, Emmeth.† Twins. Of course. The lost Harman babies, Melusine had said. Elspeth and Emmeth. â€Å"And you’re†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He smirked. â€Å"I’m Emmeth’s great-grandson.† Now Gillian could see what her mind was trying to illuminate. Her thoughts were racing. â€Å"You’re a witch, too. That was why you knew how to do the spells and things. But how did you figure out what you were?† â€Å"Some idiots from Circle Daybreak came,† Gary said. â€Å"They were looking for lost witches. They’d managed to track Emmeth’s descendants down. They told me enough that I understood what kind of powers I had. And then-I told them to get lost themselves.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"They were jerks. All they care about is getting humans and Night People together. But I knew the Night World was the place for rne. Humans deserve what they get.† Gillian stood. Her fingers were getting red and swollen. She tried to pull her glove back on. â€Å"Gary, you are a human. At least part. Just like I am.† â€Å"No. We’re superior to them. We’re special-â€Å" â€Å"We are not special. We’re no better than anyone else!† Gary was grinning unpleasantly, breathing quickly. â€Å"You’re wrong there. The Night People are supposed to be hunters. There are even laws that say so.† A chill that had nothing to do with the wind went through Gillian. â€Å"Oh, really?† Then she had another thought. â€Å"Is that why you made me go to that club? So they could hunt me?† â€Å"No, you idiot!† Gary’s eyes flashed. â€Å"I told you-you’re one of them. I just wanted you to realize that. You could have stayed, been part of them-â€Å" â€Å"But why?† â€Å"So you would be like me!† The wind was gusting wildly again. Frozen tree branches creaked like creatures in pain. â€Å"But why?† â€Å"So you could come be with me. So we could be together. Forever. If you joined them, you wouldn’t have gone on to the Other Side-â€Å" â€Å"When I died! You wanted me dead.† Gary looked confused. â€Å"That was just at first-† Gillian was angry now. Yelling. â€Å"You planned the whole thing! You lured me. Didn’t you? Didn’t you? That crying I heard in the woods-that was you, wasn’t it?† â€Å"Everything you did was designed to kill me! Just so you’d have company!† â€Å"I was lonely!† The words seemed to hang and echo. Then Gary’s eyes darkened and he turned away. â€Å"I was so lonely,† he said again, and there was something so hopeless in his voice that Gillian stepped toward him. â€Å"Anyway, I didn’t do it,† he said over his shoulder. â€Å"I changed my mind. I thought I could come live with you here-â€Å" â€Å"By killing David and taking his body. Yeah. Great plan.† He didn’t move. Helplessly, Gillian reached out a hand. It passed right through his shoulder. She looked at the hand, then said quietly, â€Å"Gary, tell me what you did. What the unfinished business is.† â€Å"So you can try to send me on.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But what if I don’t want to go on?† â€Å"You have to!† Gillian clenched her teeth. â€Å"You don’t belong here, Gary! This isn’t your place anymore! And there’s nothing you can do here, except†¦ except evil.† She stopped, breathing hard. He turned, and she saw the wild look again. â€Å"Maybe that’s what I like to- do.† â€Å"You don’t understand. I’m not going to let you. I’m not going to stop or give up. I’ll do whatever it takes to make you move on.† â€Å"But maybe you won’t have the chance.† A blast of wind. And something else. Stinging granules that struck Gillian’s face like tiny needles. â€Å"What if there’s a blizzard tonight?† â€Å"Gary, stop it!† The gale buffeted her. â€Å"A freak storm. Something nobody expected.† â€Å"Gary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was very dark-the moon and stars had been blotted out. But Gillian could see a driving, swirling whiteness. Her teeth were chattering and her face was numb. â€Å"And what if Amy’s car won’t start? If something went wrong with the engine †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don’t do this! Gary!† She couldn’t see him now. His light was gone, swallowed in the storm. Snow slashed her face. â€Å"Nobody knows where you are, do they? That wasn’t very smart, dragonfly. Maybe you need somebody to look after you, after all.† Gillian gasped, open-mouthed, for breath. She tried to take a step and the wind thrust her against something hard. A tombstone. This was what she’d been afraid of. That her angel would turn against her, try to destroy her. But now that it was happening, she found that she knew what to do. Gary’s voice came out of the gale. â€Å"What if I just go away and leave you for a little while?† Gillian’s eyes were watering, the tears freezing on her lashes. It was hard to get a breath. But she gathered herself, hanging on to the tombstone, and yelled. â€Å"You won’t! You know you won’t-â€Å" â€Å"How can I know?† She answered with a question, shouting over the wind. â€Å"Why didn’t you kill David?† Her only answer was the howling gale. Gillian’s sight was dimming. The cold hurt. She tried to ding on to the tombstone, but her hands were numb. â€Å"You couldn’t do it, Gary! You couldn’t kill someone! When it came right down to it, you couldn’t! And that’s how I know.† She waited. At first she thought that she’d been wrong. That he’d left her alone in the storm. Then she realized the wind was dying. The curtains of snow were thinning. Stopping. A light formed in the empty air. Angel-no, Gary-was standing there. She could see him clearly. She could even see what was in his eyes. Bitterness. Anger. But something like a plea, too. â€Å"But I did, Gillian. That’s exactly what I did. I killed someone.† Gillian took a breath that started out quick and ended long. Oh. Oh †¦ that was bad. But there might have been some justification. A fight. Self-defense. She said quietly, â€Å"Who?† â€Å"Can’t you guess? Paula Belizer.† How to cite Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 15, Essay examples

Contingency Theory of Incentive Alignment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contingency Theory of Incentive Alignment. Answer: Introduction Managing business is the most vital job in case of building the business to be the best in the organization. The managerial decision making is associated with that and in case of a commercial organization, the process if expositing the ethics in management as well as in business is the right form of managing the business. Media, technology and innovation are the three aspects of business context and that evolved the standard of the business. The entire situation of this paper is related with Simcoa and along with this company, all the information according to the change management and structural lacking is important for the company (Business of Silicon, 2018). In this paper, Regionalization is the main aspect of the business process. The company has taken this process and makes their market on the regional basis. The aim of this research is to identify the implanted context of regionalization and how the process influences the company for the better development. The objectives of the research will determine the contextual focus in business. External and Internal focus are two kinds of focus and that affect all the speculated strategies, that have taken for the decision-making state of Simcoa business (Business of Silicon, 2018). The organization is a private sector company, so employees have to meet the target and produce the largest amount of silicon from the company. The scope of the research is to connect a link between business context and external and internal environmental forces. In case of basic understanding in a business context and to allow the impact of decision-making in business, the research will help in form of determining the possibilities of business in the context of regionalization. World largest silicon productive organization is Simcoa. In case of export cases in other countries, Australia has to depend on the Simcoa organization. Silicon related products can be acquired from the company and in many cases; this organization has supported Australia in making or building some major innovative things. The organization founded in 1989 and within these 28 years of business progression of the organization is commendable (Business of Silicon, 2018). 50,000 tones in a year produced by the company and the number determine the quality and productivity of the company. Organizational structure The hierarchical structure is followed by the company. The work culture and effective business communication have come in this process and the flow is heading towards high to low. Simcoa has a CEO and employees have to listen and obey what CEO wants from employees (Business of Silicon, 2018). As the company is under the private sector organization, the shareholder of the market is essential and important for the development of the company. In case of marinating financial support to Australia, this company can provide that support to the nation. The government of Australia is very stable and they encourage business opportunities in Australia. In case of help, the business in international level strong politics is needed to form the organization end (Steinbach et al., 2017). If possible opportunities are provided to the organization form the Australian government, and the business support is always there. Good decision and better productivity is the determining concept, from the business expanding nature, political stability is needed. The economic condition of Australia is productive and that will be impacted by the business enhancement in Australia. The GDP of Australia is $1.350 trillion and the figure has gained a 0.6% enhancement in business (Golev Corder, 2016). In case of manufacturing 6.0% GDP has gained. 1.7% annual inflation has noticed in case of economic stability. The process is helpful for the new companies to grow their business in an ethical manner. Most of the Australian people are co-operative and have a nature of work. The education of those Australian people is enormous and they have invested their mind to get the better business opportunity for them (Manalo, Perera Rees, 2015). In case of labour engagement, 78%of employees are doing service and it determines their capability and work as a group culture. The country is progressive in case of social accumulation and their productive culture is important for the development of social context also. Technological improvement is needed in any organization to implement new approaches in the organization. In case of these organization, extracted machines, easy production deals, fire controlling or the use of raw material all are the production issues, that can be changed in case of technological development (Luke, 2018). The large quantity of silicon form the raw material is the main aspect of this business. Environment management system and following nature of ISO is also important to mark the organization are under ISO9001:2008. The strength of Simcoa is the highest production of silicon and acquiring the largest maintenance of stakeholders. In that case, stakeholders are other nations also, so a diverse range of their business acceleration is the most important factor and biggest strength for the organization (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). The company also recycles their own products and makes them into their core ingredients of silicon making and this is considered as strength. The set of environment rules are followed by the company and has ISO certificate, so the ethical issues are maintained by the company (Kitchingman et al., 2016) Shareholder negation and in some cases government intervention on this matter is the concern matter for the organization. Environmental influence and negative perspective deliver as the setback for the business (Chen et al., 2017). Employees' safety is other weaknesses and many employees have to work in hazardous condition and that needs to be stopped. As the largest silicon manufacturing company, business expansion is the most challenging situation of the organization. The parental business is in Australia and if they need to produce their business in other countries, the business-related context needs to be understood (D'Netto et al., 2014). Simcoa can deliver B2B or B2C business way and also delivers a good set of employees in case extension cases. New entrants in market and risk environment change rarely the two threats the can come in Simcoe Pty Ltd and that only provide a threat to the quality and values of the business (Fayezi, Zutshi O'Loughlin, 2015). The threat of environmental activists and production rate decreases due to that factor is the only reason to be feared by the organization. Risk of the organization Global crisis situation and less use of silicon in some devices are the risks for the organization. In some cases, high market demand is persisted. International acclamation is important but the changing environment along with the matter is also a concerning factor for that (Golev Corder, 2016). The high domestic obligation is another menace for the organisation as it moved 180% of non-refundable revenue. There are some chronic gases also emitted in case of production of silicon. Silicon-di-oxide affects the respiratory system of human irritation in the skin can happen. Employees, who are direct contact with the silicon, need to be careful that not to face such issues (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Jackson, 2017). Financial risk is also as production cost is not meet in every time and leverage and debt is the concern factor for this. Total Quality Management is this performance indicator range that is needed form the company. Quality performance by the organization is the most concerning attitude that judge the best outcome for the company and prepares them for the international accession. Employees need to be motivated and the teamwork needs to be done (Ferguson Souza, 2016). Special care or a diverse range of people and community cases has taken. Productivity and quality in service is the most concerning mater in this situation. The human resource department recruits best suitable people for the company. These employees played an important part in the development of the organization. Finance department takes care of balance statement, cash flow and making the budget for the entire year. Marketing and sales department channelize the sell and also make the promotion of the company in the different section of the world (Wheelen et al., 2017). Operation department takes responsibility for all the operation takes place in case of supplying products, raw material, production, manufacturing process and the entire work culture that spotted in the workplace is under them. Conclusion The company works in Australia as the regionalization helps the company to work over here; though, it exports the products in different nations as well. The organisation can take the approach of Total Quality Management to confirm the eminence of the products. The external and internal environment of the organization is also stated here and better way of team bonding, employees' motivation needs to be there to maintain their business rate in an international arena. Reference List Business of Silicon. (2018). Simcoa.com.au. Retrieved 4 April 2018, from https://www.simcoa.com.au/environment-2.html Chen, H., Cui, R., He, Z., Milbradt, K. (2017). Quantifying liquidity and default risks of corporate bonds over the business cycle.The Review of Financial Studies,31(3), 852-897. Courvisanos, J., Jain, A., K. Mardaneh, K. (2016). Economic resilience of regions under crises: A study of the Australian economy.Regional Studies,50(4), 629-643. D'Netto, B., Shen, J., Chelliah, J., Monga, M. (2014). Human resource diversity management practices in the Australian manufacturing sector.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(9), 1243-1266. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. R. (2017).Management and business research. Sage. Fayezi, S., Zutshi, A., O'Loughlin, A. (2015). How Australian manufacturing firms perceive and understand the concepts of agility and flexibility in the supply chain.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(2), 246-281. Ferguson, M. E., Souza, G. C. (Eds.). (2016).Closed-loop supply chains: new developments to improve the sustainability of business practices. CRC Press. Golev, A., Corder, G. (2016). Modelling metal flows in the Australian economy.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, 4296-4303. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Kitchingman, T., Wilson, C. J., Woodward, A., Caputi, P., Wilson, I. (2016). Preventing suicide requires more attention on technology-based crisis support services.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,50(2), 181-181. Luke, A. (2018). Critical literacy in Australia: A matter of context and standpoint. InCritical Literacy, Schooling, and Social Justice(pp. 186-206). Routledge. Manalo, J., Perera, D., Rees, D. M. (2015). Exchange rate movements and the Australian economy.Economic Modelling,47, 53-62. McKenzie, D., Woodruff, C. (2016). Business practices in small firms in developing countries.Management Science,63(9), 2967-2981. Steinbach, A. L., Holcomb, T. R., Holmes, R. M., Devers, C. E., Cannella, A. A. (2017). Top management team incentive heterogeneity, strategic investment behavior, and performance: A contingency theory of incentive alignment.Strategic Management Journal,38(8), 1701-1720. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D., Hoffman, A. N., Bamford, C. E. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson.